Is Racism Over - Values Of An African American Life

Is Racism Over? Topic: Values of an African American life Throughout the paper we will be exploring if has racism come to an end or just evolved as time went along. Im Going to explain the values of an African American lives throughout history till modern days. Explain the physiological abuse African American went through from back far as the middle passage. People never pay attention to the mind abuse and try to put themselves into the same circumstances. Can you imagine being in a boat in pitch black? Do you have any idea what that would do to a human being? As human beings certain events can trigger a nervous breakdown and cause you to lose sanity. Certain Events that African Americans had to go through†¦show more content†¦The ability to place another human being through the abuse and try to justify it with religion shows how they felt about the blacks. Using pigments to treat people in certain ways and to classify them as property. Then throughout history they start treating them a little better but never truly equal. In most situation people decide to ignore this and sweep it under the rug. Life as an African American in the United States is a constant struggle. African Americans had to endure more in their life than anyone can ever imagine. They had to fight for everything they had including natural human right everyone is born with but it’s a battle they had to fight. Never feeling like you belong can really mess with someone’s mental status. How could humans dehumanize other humans? From the moment their being born, their born into a world of no acceptance. A world where they will never be accepted. Having an empty feeling through out your whole life is going to have such an impact on how you see everything else. Never going to feel normal. But then again what was normal? Was being normal slaving over a white family, or watching your mom gets treated like she’s nothing? This affects your mind and the way you think for the rest of your life. You’re never going to think normal because their normal is always going to be different. Whether we like to consider it or not, racism and slavery is associated

Cultural Segregation And Black Culture - 811 Words

Cultural Segregation There is a strong cultural segregation between white culture and black culture. A child’s name can be used to measure cultural items. A name defines a person and implies many factors in their life. A person or employer can perceive and make many assumptions of a person just by knowing their name. Some people who do this are viewed as being racist, closed minded, or even prejudice. Although the black power movement had a positive effect, it also had a negative effect since it increased the cultural gap between whites and blacks. A name may just be a name but every story has a name like every name has a story. The story that a name tells makes all the difference of a person getting a call back or not. Black parent(s) are more likely than any other ethnic group to give their child a unique name. The idea of unique names rising up the surface started around the early 1960s, which was a defining time for black people. The Black Power Movement sought out to acce ntuate African culture and reject prejudice claims of black inferiority. This caused there to be an overlap between white and black names. The root of this phenomenon was of blacks being judged or discriminated for â€Å"acting white†. To represent their communities and culture people who were white or black gave their child â€Å"distinctively white or distinctively black names†. For the black community, showing unity and embracing black culture avoids discrimination amongst their â€Å"own kind†. If a blackShow MoreRelatedThe Reasons Behind Self Segregation1376 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Self-segregation is defined as the conscious decision to form groups and services separate from society based on gender, income generated, religion or ethnic groups (2014). While segregation in history may have been due to political or economics exploitation, research is showing that different communities are segregating certain aspects of their livelihood to achieve their own comfort zones or purposes. Segregation, while conjuring a negative stigma of social inequalities, may haveRead MoreReflection Paper On Culture And Structure1309 Words   |  6 PagesReflection Paper Culture and structure do contribute to or reinforce racial inequality. Cultural traits which are among others the common outlooks, method of behavior, values, etiquette and beliefs that emanate from patterns of intragroup relations in situations brought about by discrimination and segregation. These traits are a reflection of collective experiences in those situations. Racism has in the past been one of the most rampant cultural frames in in the United States. It has also beenRead MoreThe Letter From A Birmingham Jail865 Words   |  4 PagesKing Jr. and â€Å"Why are all the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria† by Beverly Daniel Tatum, race relations are a main topic. While King writes about the effects and injustices of segregation, Beverly writes about the causes of self-segregation. These two works have a few things in common that is discussed, such as the inferiority complex that may stem from the segregation, racism and segregation cause mistrust and contempt, and racism is the cause for segregation. These three things are commonRead MoreThe Legacy Of American Sociology1433 Words   |  6 Pagesstructural and cultural variables into a structural research framework, plus discusses how social structural variables caused the ghetto-derived cultural variables to exist. Over the years, race and segregation in America have mattered. From my perspective, it is considered one of the most concern sociological topics as it plays a great deal among our society. Garner and Hancock discussed how Wilson pulled threads of theory and research together so to inform with reader that racism, segregation, as wellRead MoreEssay about segregation1571 Words   |  7 Pagescategories which led to cultural and social tensions. It also determined inclusion, exclusion, and segregation in U.S society. Both inclusion and exclusion tie together to create the overall process of segregation — one notion cannot occur without resulting in the others. Segregation is a form of separation in terms of race that includes the processes of inclusion and exclusion. Race was the main factor that caused conflicts among people in society in the realms of culture, education, and residentialRead MoreThe Film More Than A Month996 Words   |  4 Pagesfilmmaker Shukree Hassan Tilghma n, Tilghman argues that we should end Black History Month for once and for all. In this film he attempts to demonstrate the truth about BHM and examine what might happen if BHM no longer existed. Tilghman argues that â€Å"Black History is American History†, and he believes that the only solution to this problem is to end BHM and incorporate it all year around. So the question is: should we end Black History Month? This is an extremely controversial question which hasRead MoreReservation Blues By Sherman Alexie1256 Words   |  6 PagesAlexie’s story Reservation Blues explores the lives of some Native Americans who wrestled with cultural, racial, and religious barriers to embrace the rest of the country. The story reflects the process of racial and cultural integration the country has been going through since its inception, revealing an underlying struggle by the minority groups in the country to become part of the Americans culture that is often dominated by the ma jority white population. The process of assimilation occurs acrossRead MoreTravel Back To New York City During The 1920S, A Melting1182 Words   |  5 Pagesa melting pot of culture, a place where new ideas, technology and business mix and mingle into a metropolitan jungle, where dreams are made and stars are born. During this era, in a small neighborhood on the island of Manhattan, an explosion occurs that would forever change the course of history. The explosion would liberate an entire race that had been ignored for centuries into a new era! The explosion was known as the Harlem Renaissance. It was during this time black culture was freely expressedRead More Segregation: The Processes of Inclusion and Exclusion Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pageswhich causes needless cultural and social tensions. The concept of race also causes inclusion, exclusion, and segregation in U.S society. Both inclusion and exclusion tie together to create the overall process of segregation — one n otion cannot occur without resulting in the others. Segregation is a form of separation in terms of race that includes the processes of inclusion and exclusion. Race was the main factor that caused conflicts among people in society in the realms of culture, education, and residentialRead MoreRacism In America1047 Words   |  5 Pagesis an issue of the past. Slavery has been abolished, segregation is no longer prevalent, and the last president of the United States was African American. While these facts prove that the U.S. has come a long way since the development of Jim Crow Laws and the â…â€" Compromise, racism has still not been defeated. In the past, America’s political system made it possible for racism and slavery to thrive. Today, America does not allow for segregation or discrimination, politically speaking. Socially speaking

Relationships Between Humbert And Lolita - 2417 Words

Bonnie and Clyde. Sherlock Holmes and John Watson. Classic relationships between characters are known universally. These vital relationships make stories come alive. But certain connections in stories are detrimental to the characters. These can actually make the story that much more interesting. Brett Ashley and Jake Barnes. Tom and Daisy Buchanan. These are the relationships that ruin themselves but become ubiquitous for their violence and conflict. And sometimes that is just more interesting. Vladimir Nabokov’s novel Lolita explores this idea about relationships, especially between Humbert Humbert and Lolita. It challenges interpersonal connections that we’ve come to know so well. Although Humbert continually proves himself as an unreliable narrator who can’t repent because he constantly manipulates the truth, he actually does repent his sins because he ends up realizing the atrocity and irreparable damage of his actions. We can see that Humbert never truly r epents his sins because he ultimately writes this novel for the jury to read; therefore, he can completely justify his wrongdoings without repenting at all. Humbert’s ability to make the jury—the reader—take his side is seen many times in the novel when he breaks the fourth wall: â€Å"Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, the majority of sex offenders...are innocuous, inadequate, passive, timid strangers who merely ask the community to allow them to pursue their practically harmless, so-called aberrant behavior...withoutShow MoreRelatedEssay on Vladimir Nabokov: Unattainable Love in Lolita1434 Words   |  6 PagesUnattainable love in Lolita Nowadays, everyone in our society is out to find their one and only true love. Some may find their true love in high school; some may find their true love when they are elderly, but there will always be someone out there for everyone, it just takes some effort. Today, we see true love on television shows, in movies, and in books. For example, Romeo and Juliet, Lucy and Ricky Ricardo, and Jack and Rose from â€Å"Titanic†. Love is never easy; it takes time, compromisingRead MoreLolita by Vladimir Nabokov1620 Words   |  6 PagesIn Lolita, by Vladimir Nabokov, the main character Humbert Humbert writes a memoir of the rape, incest, and murder he becomes involved in. Throughout the novel the chaos is swept under a carpet that consists of manipulative and linguistic trickery. Instantly in the foreword, the author opens up calling the novel Lolita the â€Å"Confession of a White Widowed Male† as an attempt to highlight Humbert’s good side, being a husband, r ather than explaining why the novel is named after a girl Humbert rapedRead MoreLolita Through a Marxist-Feminist Lens: Lolita by Vladimir Nobokov1182 Words   |  5 PagesLolita Through a Marxist-Feminist Lens After looking past its controversial sexual nature, Vladimir Nabokov’s Lolita can be read as a criticism of the capitalist system. Nabokov uses the relationship between the novels narrator, Humbert Humbert, and the novels namesake, Lolita, as an extended metaphor to showcase the systems inherent exploitive nature in a way that shocks the reader out of their false consciousness, by making the former a man in the position of power - a repulsive, manipulativeRead MoreMovie Review : The Games 1568 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the book many games are played. I chose three games that were interesting to me the game where Lolita ask for more money, the game where she seduced Humbert, and the game where she actually plays tennis. Throughout these games some of them same things appear like sexual imaginations, control, and intelligence. Lolita plays games with Humbert in order to get what she wants knowing that she has control over his weaknesses for sexual activities. In the first passage it statesLolita askingRead MoreLove in Lolita1323 Words   |  6 Pagescritics read Vladimir Nabokovs Lolita as a story of Humberts unrequited love for the title character; others consider it a record of the rant-ings of a mad pedophile, with, as Humbert himself admits, a fancy prose style. Nabokovs innovative construction, in fact, highlights both of these aspects as it reinforces and helps develop the novels main theme: the relationship between art and experience. By allowing Humbert to narrate the details of his life with Lolita, Nabokov illustrates the difficultiesRead MoreVladimir Nabokovs Lolita Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pagesand most original. Vladimir Nabokov’s Lolita has been subject to criticism and censorship since its first publication in 1955. Critics constantly degrade the novel as repulsive and an endorsement of pedophilia. Although Lolita was censored for its sexual and obscene content, the characterization of protagonist Humbert Humbert proves it to be just as appropriate as other literature. Critics support Lolita’s censorship because they believe protagonist Humbert Humbert’s approval of pedophilia goesRead More Humberts Description of Lolita in Vladimir Nabokovs Lolita1002 Words   |  5 PagesDescription of Lolita      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Chapter 31 of Part 1 of Lolita, Humbert and Lolita are in the lobby of the Enchanted Hunters only hours after consummating their sexual relationship. As Humbert arrives in the lobby to check out of the hotel, he observes Lolita as she sits reading a movie magazine in a large armchair, and his description of her progresses from a focus on her loss of innocence to a focus on her inner, demonic nature. As elsewhere in the novel, the reader here sees Humbert attemptingRead MoreVladimir Nabokov and Lolita757 Words   |  3 PagesNabokov is known not only for his controversial work Lolita, he was also an avid lepidopterist – in particular, butterflies. There is no doubt that when penning Lolita’s character, Nabokov imprinted several butterfly characteristics on her. This essay however does not seek to investigate the parallels between Lolita and the metamorphosis of a butterfly. Rather, it takes the road less travelled and examines the parallels between Nabokov and Humbert Humbert, not as a pervert, but as a scientist. Nabokov’sRead MoreLolita (Film and Novel Compari1379 Words   |  6 PagesLolita is one of the most unconventional literary classics of the century. Lolita is a twelve-year-old girl, who is desired by the European intellectual Humbert Humbert. As the narrator of the story, Humbert chronicles his abnormal childhood, adolescent experiences, and an adventure in a booming American as a European tourist and pedophile. But it is key to realize his first heartbreak as a boy manifests into his desires for nymphets. This point is made clear in both the novel and movie. I willRead MoreLolita And The Dark Tower1384 Words   |  6 Pages(lines 1-6) Nabokov’s character Humbert Humbert from Lolita is perfectly described in this stanza from Robert Browning’s â€Å"Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came.† Nabokov compares Humbert to many poets throughout Lolita. Humbert likens himself to a Romantic poet with the intent of rationalizing his crime of pedophilia as an artistic endeavor. To Humbert, in particular, life really does imitate art. Art also imitates life. Nabokov created the character of Humbert in the image of Edgar Allan Poe

Market Structure Of The Uk Supermarket Sector - 1600 Words

1.0 INTRODUCTION: Second part of this report will evaluate arguments and present conclusions about the UK supermarket sector being described as oligopolistic and how oligopolistic markets often suffer from collusion. This report will present findings if UK supermarket sector is oligopolistic or otherwise. 2.0 FINDINGS: 3.0 Market structures: Market structures are classified with regards to the competition – either their presence or absence. There are different types of market structures: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly. The characteristics of the product or service and the number of suppliers determine the market structure. This report will mainly focus on oligopoly market structure. 3.1 What is perfect competition? In perfect competition market structure there are no barriers to entry into or exit out of the industry and companies produce identical units of output that are not branded. By looking at these two key features, it can be determined that UK supermarkets are not operating in that market structure. 3.2 What is monopolistic competition? Many small companies operate in monopolistic competition market structure, including independently owned and operated high-street stores and restaurants. In the case of These are the firms that differentiate their product or services, making them unique but in the end are all competing for the same customers, for example hairdressers or restaurants. 3.3 What is monopoly? A monopoly is aShow MoreRelatedMarket Structure Of The Uk Supermarket Sector1527 Words   |  7 Pageswill evaluate arguments and present conclusions about the UK supermarket sector being described as oligopolistic and how oligopolistic markets often suffer from collusion. This report will present findings if UK supermarket sector is oligopolistic or otherwise. 2.0 FINDINGS: Market structures: Market structures are classified with regards to the competition – either their presence or absence. There are different types of market structures: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopolyRead MoreEssay about Food Industry Swot Analysis1297 Words   |  6 Pagesluxury  foods. †¢ The UK has a well-established supply structure, in terms of both its production base — for meat, dairy products, fresh and processed vegetables, bakery products and fish, in particular — and its network of  retail  outlets — mainly in the form of major multiples. †¢ Following a period of extensive rationalisation and restructuring, the UK  food  industry can now benefit from more focused businesses and generally more efficient supply chains. †¢ The  food-processing sector has also benefitedRead MoreCorporate Social Responsability for Supermarkets1522 Words   |  7 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility This essay will introduce analysis of the UK supermarket sector and its impacts on a wide range of stakeholders .The responsibility for buying and selling is rapidly shifting. In today’s rising global community, supermarkets have embraced corporate social responsibility as an important element of their original role in contributing to shared goals, however in addition it enhances their capacity to the base line. In addition, trade seeks to establish their own valuesRead MoreThe Economic Theory Of Monopoly And Monopoly1097 Words   |  5 Pagesdefined a dominant market position as: ‘...a position of economic strength enjoyed by an undertaking which enables it to [†¦] behave to an appreciable extent independently of its competitors, customers and ultimately of its consumers’ Does this definition make economic sense? How should it be interpreted in the light of the economic theory of monopoly and oligopoly? Market Dominance†¦.(Intro) Monopoly and Oligopoly are market structures in economics which are deemed to exercise market power within theirRead MoreDiscuss how retail companies have adapted their business strategy to address the needs of specific global markets1264 Words   |  6 PagesRetail is the sale of goods and services from individuals or business to the end-user(Harper 2008). Getting the right goods to the right markets in response to or anticipation of consumer demand is the key function of marketing. Unlike selling which is primarily concerned with the needs of the seller, marketing is primarily concerned with the needs of the buyer. 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For this very reason it very important to consider all possible, political, economic and legal structures, impacts and outcomes which might affect the overall success of the company as they play a major role in relation to one another. When looking at the political factors for Tesco, andRead MoreMarket Structure Of An Oligopolistic Industry2134 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction The purpose of this essay is to discuss the market structure of an oligopolistic industry and it will include the main bases of product differentiation and entry barriers. This research relies on the market concentration proportion, Supermarket industry in the United Kingdom. Confirmation demonstrates high focus degree in this industry1 and shows oligopolistic nature of the fundamental business sector structure2. Such market is worked by a little number of benefit expanding organizationsRead MoreAccounting And Finance For Decision Makers1063 Words   |  5 Pagesstatement which represents a clear record or data dealing with the financial activities of Sainsbury. These reports quantify the monetary supremacy, efficiency and liquidity assets of a business. This report incorporates the working capital, capital structure and account. A monetary articulation are extra explanations that help clarify particular things in the announcements and in addition give a more complete evaluation of Sainsbury s money related condition. This report serves to study who do SainsburyRead MoreP1 Business and the Enviroment636 Words   |  3 PagesIceland LTD Introduction- Iceland is a well-established frozen food retailer which is secondary and tertiary. Iceland is a national company which has many stores in the UK (over 800). Iceland has a 1.8% share of the UK food market. The company was founded in 1970. Purpose- Iceland is a fast growing food retailer that offers fridge and freezer food at relatively cheap prices. Their purpose is to offer these products to customers who come in and they offer these fridge and freezer products as

International Monetary System Free Essays

International monetary systems are sets of internationally agreed rules, conventions and supporting institutions that facilitate international trade, cross border investment and generally the reallocation of capital between nation states. They provide means of payment acceptable between buyers and sellers of different nationality, including deferred payment. To operate successfully, they need to inspire confidence, to provide sufficient liquidity for fluctuating levels of trade and to provide means by which global imbalances can be corrected. We will write a custom essay sample on International Monetary System or any similar topic only for you Order Now The systems can grow organically as the collective result of numerous individual agreements between international economic actors spread over several decades. Alternatively, they can arise from a single architectural vision as happened at Bretton Woods in 1944. Historical overview Throughout history, precious metals such as gold and silver have been used for trade, termed bullion, and since early history the coins of various issuers – generally kingdoms and empires – have been traded. The earliest known records of pre – coinage use of bullion for monetary exchange are from Mesopotamia and Egypt, dating from the third millennium BC. 1] Its believed that at this time money played a relatively minor role in the ordering of economic life for these regions, compared to barter and centralised redistribution – a process where the population surrendered their produce to ruling authorities who then redistrubted it as they saw fit. Coinage is believed to have first developed in China in the late 7th century, and independently at around the same time in Lydia, Asia minor, from where its use spread to near by Greek cities and later to the rest of the world. 1] Sometimes formal monetary systems have been imposed by regional rules. For example scholars have tentatively suggested that the ruler Servius Tullius created a primitive monetary system in the archaic period of what was to become the Roman Republic. Tullius reigned in the sixth century BC – several centuries before Rome is believed to have developed a formal coinage system. [2] As with bullion, early use of coinage is believed to have been generally the preserve of the elite. But by about the 4th century they were widely used in Greek cities. Coins were generally supported by the city state authorities, who endeavoured to ensure they retained their values regardless of fluctuations in the availability of whatever base precious metals they were made from. [1] From Greece the use of coins spread slowly westwards throughout Europe, and eastwards to India. Coins were in use in India from about 400BC, initially they played a greater role in religion than trade, but by the 2nd century had become central to commercial transactions. Monetary systems developed in India were so successful they continued to spread through parts of Asia well into the Middle Ages. [1] As multiple coins became common within a region, they have been exchanged by moneychangers, which are the predecessors of today’s foreign exchange market. These are famously discussed in the Biblical story of Jesus and the money changers. In Venice and the Italian city states of the early Middle Ages, money changes would often have to struggle to perform calculations involving six or more currencies. This partly let to Fibonacci writing his Liber Abaci where he popularised the use of Arabic numerals which displaced the more difficult roman numerals then in use by western merchants. [3] Historic international currencies. From top left: crystalline gold, a 5th century BCE Persian daric, an 8th century English mancus, and an 18th century Spanish real. When a given nation or empire has achieved regional hegemony, its currency has been a basis for international trade, and hence for a de facto monetary system. In the West – Europe and the Middle East – an early such coin was the Persian daric, of the Persian empire. This was succeeded by Roman currency of the Roman empire, such as the denarius, then the Gold Dinar of the Muslim empire, and later – from the 16th to 20th centuries, during the Age of Imperialism – by the currency of European colonial powers: the Spanish dollar, the Dutch Gilder, the French Franc and the British Pound Sterling; at times one currency has been pre-eminent, at times no one dominated. With the growth of American power, the US Dollar became the basis for the international monetary system, formalized in the Bretton Woods agreement that established the post-World War II monetary order, with fixed exchange rates of currencies to the dollar, and convertibility of the dollar into gold. Since the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system, culminating in the Nixon shock of 1971, ending convertibility, the US dollar has remained the de facto basis of the world monetary system, though no longer de jure, with various European currencies and the Japanese Yen being used. Since the formation of the Euro, the Euro has gained use as a reserve currency and a unit of transactions, though the dollar has remained the primary currency. A dominant currency may be used directly or indirectly by other nations – for example, English kings minted gold mancus, presumably to function as dinars to exchange with Islamic Spain, and more recently, a number of nations have used the US dollar as their local currency, a custom called dollarization. Until the 19th century, the global monetary system was loosely linked at best, with Europe, the Americas, India and China (among others) having largely separate economies, and hence monetary systems were regional. European colonization of the Americas, starting with the Spanish empire, led to the integration of American and European economies and monetary systems, and European colonization of Asia led to the dominance of European currencies, notably the British pound sterling in the 19th century, succeeded by the US dollar in the 20th century. Some, such as Michael Hudson, foresee the decline of a single basis for the global monetary system, and instead the emergence of regional trade blocs, citing the emergence of the Euro as an example of this phenomenon. See also Global financial systems , world-systems approach and polarity in international relations. It was in the later half of the 19th century that a monetary system with close to universal global participation emerged, based on the gold standard. History of modern global monetary orders The pre WWI financial order: 1870–1914  From the 1870s to the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the world benefited from a well integrated financial order, sometimes known as the First age of Globalisation. [4] [5] Money unions were operating which effectively allowed members to accept each others currency as legal tender including the Latin Monetary Union (Belgium, Italy, Switzerland, France) and Scandinavian monetary union (Denmark, Norway and Sweden). In the absence of shared membership of a union, transactions were facilitated by widespread participation in the gold standard, by both independent nations and their colonies. Great Britain was at the time the world’s pre-eminent financial, imperial, and industrial power, ruling more of the world and exporting more capital as a percentage of her national income than any other creditor nation has since. [6] While capital controls comparable to the Bretton Woods System were not in place, damaging capital flows were far less common than they were to be in the post 1971 era. In fact Great Britain’s capital exports helped to correct global imbalances as they tended to be counter cyclical, rising when Britain’s economy went into recession, thus compensating other states for income lost from export of goods. Accordingly, this era saw mostly steady growth and a relatively low level of financial crises. In contrast to the Bretton Woods system, the pre-World War I financial order was not created at a single high level conference; rather it evolved organically in a series of discrete steps. The Gilded Age, a time of especially rapid development in North America, falls into this period. Between the World Wars: 1919–1939 The years between the world wars have been described as a period of de-globalisation, as both international trade and capital flows shrank compared to the period before World War I. During World War I countries had abandoned the gold standard and, except for the United States, returned to it only briefly. By the early 30’s the prevailing order was essentially a fragmented system of floating exchange rates . [8] In this era, the experience of Great Britain and others was that the gold standard ran counter to the need to retain domestic policy autonomy. To protect their reserves of gold countries would sometimes need to raise interest rates and generally follow a deflationary policy. The greatest need for this could arise in a downturn, just when leaders would have preferred to lower rates to encourage growth. Economist Nicholas Davenport [9] had even argued that the wish to return Britain to the gold standard, â€Å"sprang from a sadistic desire by the Bankers to inflict pain on the British working class. † By the end of World War I, Great Britain was heavily indebted to the United States, allowing the USA to largely displace her as the worlds number one financial power. The United States however was reluctant to assume Great Britain’s leadership role, partly due to isolationist influences and a focus on domestic concerns. In contrast to Great Britain in the previous era, capital exports from the US were not counter cyclical. They expanded rapidly with the United States’s economic growth in the twenties up to 1928, but then almost completely halted as the US economy began slowing in that year. As the Great Depression intensified in 1930, financial institutions were hit hard along with trade; in 1930 alone 1345 US banks collapsed. During the 1930s the United States raised trade barriers, refused to act as an international lender of last resort, and refused calls to cancel war debts, all of which further aggravated economic hardship for other countries. According to economist John Maynard Keynes another factor contributing to the turbulent economic performance of this era was the insistence of French premier Clemenceau that Germany pay war reparations at too high a level, which Keynes described in his book The Economic Consequences of the Peace. The Bretton Woods Era: 1945–1971 British and American policy makers began to plan the post war international monetary system in the early 1940s. The objective was to create an order that combined the benefits of an integrated and relatively liberal international system with the freedom for governments to pursue domestic policies aimed at promoting full employment and social wellbeing . 11] The principal architects of the new system, John Maynard Keynes and Harry Dexter White, created a plan which was endorsed by the 42 countries attending the 1944 Bretton Woods conference. The plan involved nations agreeing to a system of fixed but adjustable exchange rates where the currencies were pegged against the dollar, with the dollar itself convertible into gold. So in effect this was a gold – dollar exchange standard. There were a number of improvements on the old gold standard. Two international institutions, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank were created; A key part of their function was to replace private finance as more reliable source of lending for investment projects in developing states. At the time the soon to be defeated powers of Germany and Japan were envisaged as states soon to be in need of such development, and there was a desire from both the US and Britain not to see the defeated powers saddled with punitive sanctions that would inflict lasting pain on future generations. The new exchange rate system allowed countries facing economic hardship to devalue their currencies by up to 10% against the dollar (more if approved by the IMF) – thus they would not be forced to undergo deflation to stay in the gold standard. A system of capital controls was introduced to protect countries from the damaging effects of capital flight and to allow countries to pursue independent macro economic policies [12] while still welcoming flows intended for productive investment. Keynes had argued against the dollar having such a central role in the monetary system, and suggested an international currency called Bancor be used instead, but he was overruled by the Americans. Towards the end of the Bretton Woods era, the central role of the dollar became a problem as international demand eventually forced the US to run a persistent trade deficit, which undermined confidence in the dollar. This, together with the emergence of a parallel market for gold where the price soared above the official US mandated price, led to speculators running down the US gold reserves. Even when convertibility was restricted to nations only, some, notably France,[13] continued building up hoards of gold at the expense of the US. Eventually these pressures caused President Nixon to end all convertibility into gold on 15 August 1971. This event marked the effective end of the Bretton Woods systems; attempts were made to find other mechanisms to preserve the fixed exchange rates over the next few years, but they were not successful, resulting in a system of floating exchange rates. 13] The post Bretton Woods system: 1971 – present An alternative name for the post Bretton Woods system is the Washington Consensus. While the name was coined in 1989, the associated economic system came into effect years earlier: according to economic historian Lord Skidelsky the Washington Consensus is generally seen as spanning 1980–2009 (the latter half of the 1970s being a transitional period). [14] The transition away from Bretton Woods was marked by a switch from a state led to a market led system. 4] The Bretton Wood system is considered by economic historians to have broken down in the 1970s:[14] crucial events being Nixon suspending the dollar’s convertibility into gold in 1971, the United states abandonment of Capital Controls in 1974, and Great Britain’s ending of capital controls in 1979 which was swiftly copied by most other major economies. In some parts of the developing world, liberalisation brought significant benefits for large sections of the population – most prominently with Deng Xiaoping’s reforms in China since 1978 and the liberalisation of India after her 1991 crisis. Generally the industrial nations experienced much slower growth and higher unemployment than in the previous era, and according to Professor Gordon Fletcher in retrospect the 1950s and 60s when the Bretton Woods system was operating came to be seen as a golden age. [15] Financial crises have been more intense and have increased in frequency by about 300% – with the damaging effects prior to 2008 being chiefly felt in the emerging economies. On the positive side, at least until 2008 investors have frequently achieved very high rates of return, with salaries and bonuses in the financial sector reaching record levels. The â€Å"Revived Bretton Woods system† identified in 2003 From 2003, economists such as Michael P. Dooley, Peter M. Garber, and David Folkerts-Landau began writing papers[16] describing the emergence of a new international system involving an interdependency between states with generally high savings in Asia lending and exporting to western states with generally high spending. Similar to the original Bretton Woods, this included Asian currencies being pegged to the dollar, though this time by the unilateral intervention of Asian governments in the currency market to stop their currencies appreciating. The developing world as a whole stopped running current account deficits in 1999 [17] – widely seen as a response to unsympathetic treatment following the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. The most striking example of east-west interdependency is the relationship between China and America, which Niall Ferguson calls Chimerica. From 2004, Dooley et al. began using the term Bretton Woods II to describe this de facto state of affairs, and continue to do so as late as 2009. Others have described this supposed â€Å"Bretton Woods II†, sometimes called â€Å"New Bretton Woods†,[19] as a â€Å"fiction†, and called for the elimination of the structural imbalances that underlie it, viz, the chronic US current account deficit. [20] However since at least 2007 those authors have also used the term â€Å"Bretton Woods II† to call for a new de jure system: for key international financial institutions like the IMF and World Bank to be revamped to meet the demands of the current age,[21] and between 2008 to mid 2009 the terms Bretton Woods II and New Bretton Woods was increasingly used in the latter sense. By late 2009, with less emphases on structural reform to the international monetary system and more attention being paid to issues such as re-balancing the world economy, Bretton Woods II is again frequently used to refer to the practice some countries have of unilaterally pegging their currencies to the dollar. How to cite International Monetary System, Essay examples

Strategic Management of Project Information Systems

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management of Project Information Systems. Answer: Introduction: There are some of the important issues required to be implemented to support the software developed by the software developer for supporting the client and their student to efficiently manage the online learning system. The client of the software company are the colleges providing service to students and one of the client provides service to the students with disability. Thus the system is required to be developed meeting the requirement of the normal client and the client which provides service to the children with disability (Conde et al. 2014). Thus, the information system is required to be developed meeting the requirement of all the clients. For the successful implementation of the system the various needs and accessibility of the people with disability is required to be analyzed. Several technologies such as screen reading software, screen magnification software, alternative input device, Braille display can be used for redesigning and implement the software support for the cli ent and the student. The involvement of the Green ICT for the web 2.0 is about reducing the impact of ICT on the environment. The web 2.0 should be developed to consume less resources and thus reducing the energy consumption of data centers, computers and servers. For developing a green web 2.0 website new technologies are needed to be implemented that increases the efficiency of the system and reducing the environmental footprints. The choosing of the appropriate technology is the main problem faced by the information and communication technological experts. For the implementation of the green ICT the organizational structure is needed to be analyzed and the new technology should be implemented aligning the technology with the business strategy (Ward and Peppard 2016). The impact of the implementation of the ICT technology is also analyzed that would help the organization to play an important role for the transition of low-carbon environmental society. The cloud computing can be implemented for a greene r ICT and the reducing the cost of running database server in an organization. Building a computer, on a production line of identical computers is a process. This is a process because it is part of the project and is a repetitive sequence of task. Building a house, as a series of identical houses all over Australia is a project, it meets the criteria of the project, which has a beginning and end (Yang, Chen and Chou 2014). Upgrading a computer from windows 7 to windows 10 is defined as a process because it has an objective which defines the ongoing operation. Upgrading all 120 computers from Windows 7 to Windows 10 is considered as a project because the objective s broadly defined and might change in future and the sequence of task in a project is repetitive. References Conde, M.., Garca-Pealvo, F.J., Rodrguez-Conde, M.J., Alier, M., Casany, M.J. and Piguillem, J., 2014. An evolving Learning Management System for new educational environments using 2.0 tools.Interactive Learning Environments,22(2), pp.188-204. Ward, J. and Peppard, J., 2016.The Strategic Management of Information Systems: Building a Digital Strategy. John Wiley Sons. Yang, L.R., Chen, J.H. and Chou, S.C., 2014. KM as a Facilitator for Project Performance Through Team Process: Does Information Technology Make a Difference?.International Journal of Information Technology Decision Making,13(05), pp.937-956.

Information Technology Services Virtualization and IT Infrastructure

Question: Discuss about the Information Technology for Services Virtualization and IT Infrastructure. Answer: Introduction Services virtualization and IT infrastructure consolidation offer screening services, strategy, design and implementation through data center infrastructure and application environment. It helps to develop a virtualization strategy that meets your business needs and using IT systems and HP converged infrastructure solutions, in conjunction with years of experience to create a customized solution (Crosby, Garcia, Williams, 2007) IT managers say that consolidation and virtualization are your priorities as major efficiency initiatives. But they worry that will impact projects large-scale consolidation and virtualization in general business organization. Therefore they focus their efforts and are set in areas that get more benefits of virtualization and consolidation: these are storage and network servers. With this in mind, IT managers should create a comprehensive plan that takes all variables into account. This can improve the control exercised over a complex IT environment. We can help you achieve the benefits you need and to fulfill the promises you have made to the company. Network virtualization Virtual networks offer the same functions and guarantees a physical network, along with the operational advantages and independence of own hardware virtualization. Turning to the field of virtualization, the online encyclopedia of the famous magazine PC News, defines virtualization as: a variety of technologies for the management of computing resources, providing a translation layer of software known as "abstraction layer" between software and physical hardware. Now, the idea of virtualization, associated with the virtual word, suggests that virtual virtualization is not real and that it is only an appearance; for nothing more distant than the latter view, since virtualization in the field of information technology and communications, it refers to a different way of perceiving reality. Brief Explanation of the Topic Large volumes of data and real-time applications are taking storage requirements to new levels. Through storage virtualization, disks and flash drives on separate servers, they are combined to form deposits of high-performance storage and are supplied as software. The software-defined storage (SDS, Software-Defined Storage) is a new storage strategy that provides a fundamentally more efficient operating model. Benefits of virtualization Virtualization can increase the scalability, flexibility and agility, while generating significant cost savings. Workloads are implemented faster, performance and availability increase, and operations are automated. All this makes IT management simpler and property operation and less costly. Among the additional advantages include the following: Many organizations has a long history of delivering IT solutions that combine the best technology and project management practices. To this we add our more than 12 years of being associated with industry-leading IT organizations. This paper highlights the influence and importance of ICT in contemporary organizations. The method used was the documentary by analysis of library, media resources, and Web sites This paper highlights the influence and Importance of ICT in contemporary Organizations. The method used was the documentary by bibliographic analysis from media resources, and Web sites. The results highlighted the emergence of two layers, the Computer-structure and the Culture of computers Within the ICT and the Human Development link. As well, the Impacts on the corporate culture, ICT as part of the product, in the ITS Importance design of the organization, and their role as decision-making in supporting. ICT virtualization is manifested mainly as follows: 1)In hardware virtualization 2) In network virtualization and storage 3) In application virtualization All this indicates that ICT has impacted the way we live and share the world increasingly globalized, opening channels for the globalization of knowledge, finance, and culture, among others, allowing for certain activities through technological means, such as: They are communities that are fundamentally related in virtual environments via the Internet or online communities, among which discussion forums, social networks (Facebook, Twitter), emails and email groups, Groups news, Video Conferencing, and Chat, among others. Within these communities scientific communities, knowledge networks and others, formed by a group of people, united by a common interest, and maintain their relationship with time are grouped. Also it is known as telecommuting, in which an organization, making use of ICT facilitates the employee reaches its activities in places other than the location of the organization, improving environmental impact and economic recovery in some societies, through democratization of employment, becoming a valid employment option. To overcome this gap the state has raised a number of challenges that are intended position on the Information Society to achieve national integration, widespread access to information, enhance the education sector as well as health and reducing inequalities in access to telecommunications services. This has been proposed reforms in the regulatory framework to guide the incorporation and use of ICT, contained in the Constitution, the Organic Law of Telecommunications, the National Telecommunications Plan focuses on the development of telecommunications sector; the Organic Law on Science, Technology and Innovation and the National Plan for Information Technology whose mission is "The development of strategies, policies, plans, programs and policies in a coordinated and articulated manner between public bodies and private sector, mainly with the productive sector, allowing investment, development and consolidation of ICT in all areas of state and society " Results of the influence of ICT in organizations Progression and History Without having intended to exhaust the subject of the influence of ICT in organizations, but rather to have shown the tip of the iceberg in this topic it can be summarized generally in the following results: The change in the structure of the productive sectors, which rely increasingly on collaborative networks of production, management and information exchange. ICT virtualization does not overlap the modern organization, they are an integral part thereof.Non-overlapping ICT networks are an integral part of these networks.Strategies, operational criteria and organizational formulas should think together and in an integrated strategy with the use of ICT. ICT virtualization should be an integral part of the networks and modern organizations are interlinked networks, so the production chain owns value of an organization ceases to be a linear representation to adopt network structure. The influence of ICT has made the organization becomes a series of nodes, closely attached to the client, grouped network(Davies, 2008). Importance Having regard to the influence that ICT virtualization has made organizational, social, political and economic level to infer the importance of ICT in the organizational field. In principle, ICTs offer greater facilities, overcoming the barriers of distance and time, in most cases. In addition, they offer accuracy, reduced risks and lower costs. IT Issues and Growth Companies are heavily investing in rapidly emerging technology of virtualization. This topic fits into the top It issues in the following ways. Virtualization is important for the chief information officer because it provides the company with a set of tools which enables lowering of costs and increasing flexibility. These are things that are very crucial for every enterprise and IT organization. Virtualization provides various significant benefits to the organization hence the chief information officer should be involved in establishing pilots , expertise development and putting the virtualization technology to work (Information technology, 2005). Virtualization for innovation Virtualization essentially is important in every the growth of IT for the company and every stage of development of IT. As so, virtualization increases flexibility in the organization by decoupling the operating system and the applications that are supported by the system from a physical hardware platform. There can be significant innovation boost when organizations are looking to innovate and create new systems and services without additional hardware installation(Laudon Laudon, 2000). Virtualization excels at supporting innovation by using virtual environment for learning and training. A case example is when learners can establish unique soft wares without exclusively using hardware resources. A student may work with a known system environment that is known. Innovations can therefore be accelerated and facilitated with minimum investment. Companies with virtualization experience that is broader may consider implementing portable virtual environments. Cost saving Another important aspect of virtualization is lowering costs. This comes when servers are consolidated into a set that is smaller and more powerful hardware platforms running a virtual environment collection. The costs can be reduced also by a more improved performance that can be executed in more powerful hardware(Preston, 2001). Benefits can further be enhanced by increasing hardware capacity in a manner that is non-disruptive to dynamically migrate workloads to available resources. Introduction of virtualization significantly reduce the need to replicate hardware environments that are identical and enables testing of scenarios at a cost that is lower. Seasonal workloads and peak periods in an organization can be remedied by virtualization. For example if you have peak workloads. Virtualization as a standard solution Vendors of operating systems should include virtualization as a standard component, virtualization vendors should make sure that the scope of their offerings are expanded and also the hardware vendors should build virtual capabilities in their platforms. Although substantial benefits are available from existing virtualization services, it can yield more benefits in both availability and manageability by building new applications with an integrated virtualization strategy. Strategy Traditionally the IT capacity plan is considered a proper process of IT (Information Technology), whose purpose was to study the volume of information that could manage the IT infrastructure. It has also been considered as a proper process of organizations with a large volume of resources(Schwalbe, 2006). But both perceptions are changing with the advent of the IT services offered from the cloud as infrastructure, platform or software as a service. This is the strategy that the CIO should implement. They have also contributed to this change, technologies such as virtualization, enabling consolidation of IT resources or new ways of procurement of services such as "pay per use". All these factors have succeeded in changing the idea that companies have the IT capacity plan as a passive element, to turn it into an enabling component of strategy. For any organization, whether large or small, is essential to maintain its business strategy aligned with market demand, any possible deviation s may result in losses(Muller, 2005). For a small organization, such as a startup, with a small number of business processes, which are also relatively simple to implement and whose IT infrastructure is not too big, build a plan IT capacity is relatively simple and does not require too much effort. There is a set of recommendations or best practices that we can continue to develop a plan IT capacity. Implementation The server virtualization vendors such as VMware, storage identified as one of the key factors in the adoption of this technology. Since these providers have extracted hypervisor CPU and memory resources for better control and greater use, it makes use of control storage. But the concept of moving functionality of the storage controller to the host server in what is called "storage hypervisor" produces some potential problems. This is to manage storage services such as snapshots, clones and thin provisioning, which are important in virtual server and virtual desktop, you can significantly reduce the performance of the host server. References Crosby, S., Garcia, J., Williams, D. (2007). Virtualization with Xen. Burlington, Mass.: Syngress. Davies, P. (2008). Information technology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dittner, R. Rule, D. (2007). Best damn server virtualization book period. Burlington, MA: Syngress. Information technology. (2005). Geneva. Innovation in information technology. (2003). Washington, D.C. Laudon, K. Laudon, J. (2000). Management information systems. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Muller, A. (2005). Virtualization with VMware ESX Server. Rockland, MA: Syngress. Preston, P. (2001). Reshaping communications. London: SAGE. Schwalbe, K. (2006). Information technology project management. Boston, Mass.: Thomson Course Technology.